As of 2022, it is the only lunar lander to have ever been used in human spaceflight, completing six lunar landings from 1969 to 1972. The Apollo Lunar Module was the lunar lander for the United States' Apollo program. The United States' Surveyor program first soft-landed Surveyor 1 on June 2, 1966, and successfully soft-landed four more, in a total of seven attempts through January 10, 1968. Luna achieved a total of seven successful soft landings, out of 27 attempts. Two other Luna spacecraft soft-landed the Lunokhod robotic lunar rover in 19. Three Luna Spacecraft returned lunar soil samples to Earth from 1972 to 1976. Luna 9 was the first spacecraft to achieve a soft landing on the Moon on February 3, 1966, after 11 unsuccessful attempts.
Lunar lander model series#
The Luna program was a series of robotic impactors, flybys, orbiters, and landers flown by the Soviet Union between 19. The relatively high gravity (higher than all known asteroids, but lower than all solar system planets) and lack of lunar atmosphere negates the use of aerobraking, so a lander must use propulsion to decelerate and achieve a soft landing. Other important design factors include overall energy requirements, mission duration, the type of mission operations on the lunar surface, and life support system if crewed.
The design requirements for these landers depend on factors imposed by the payload, flight rate, propulsive requirements, and configuration constraints. Several robotic landers have reached the surface, and some have returned samples to Earth. As of 2021, the Apollo Lunar Module is the only lunar lander to have ever been used in human spaceflight, completing six lunar landings from 1969 to 1972 during the United States' Apollo Program. Apollo Apollo Lunar Module-5 Eagle as seen from CSM-107 ColumbiaĪ lunar lander or Moon lander is a spacecraft designed to land on the surface of the Moon.
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